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<article role="main" id="furo-main-content">
<section id="startpage-engines">
<span id="id1"></span><h1>Startpage Engines<a class="headerlink" href="#startpage-engines" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p id="module-searx.engines.startpage">Startpage’s language &amp; region selectors are a mess ..</p>
<section id="startpage-regions">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>Startpage regions<a class="headerlink" href="#startpage-regions" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>In the list of regions there are tags we need to map to common region tags:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">BR_BR</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">pt_BR</span>
<span class="n">zh</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">CN_CN</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">zh_Hans_CN</span>
<span class="n">zh</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">TW_TW</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">zh_Hant_TW</span>
<span class="n">zh</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">TW_HK</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">zh_Hant_HK</span>
<span class="n">en</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">GB_GB</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">en_GB</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>and there is at least one tag with a three letter language tag (ISO 639-2):</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fil_PH</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">fil_PH</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The locale code <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">no_NO</span></code> from Startpage does not exists and is mapped to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nb-NO</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">babel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">core</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">UnknownLocaleError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">unknown</span> <span class="n">locale</span> <span class="s1">&#39;no_NO&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For reference see languages-subtag at iana; <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">no</span></code> is the macrolanguage <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id5" id="id3" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a> and
W3C recommends subtag over macrolanguage <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id6" id="id4" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>2<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>.</p>
<aside class="footnote-list brackets">
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id5" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id3">1</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry">iana: language-subtag-registry</a></p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">language</span>
<span class="n">Subtag</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">nb</span>
<span class="n">Description</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Norwegian</span> <span class="n">Bokmål</span>
<span class="n">Added</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2005</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">16</span>
<span class="n">Suppress</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Script</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Latn</span>
<span class="n">Macrolanguage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">no</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id6" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id4">2</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Use macrolanguages with care. Some language subtags have a Scope field set to
macrolanguage, i.e. this primary language subtag encompasses a number of more
specific primary language subtags in the registry. … As we recommended for
the collection subtags mentioned above, in most cases you should try to use
the more specific subtags … <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-choosing-language-tags#langsubtag">W3: The primary language subtag</a></p>
</aside>
</aside>
</section>
<section id="startpage-languages">
<span id="id7"></span><h2>Startpage languages<a class="headerlink" href="#startpage-languages" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<dl>
<dt>HTTP <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Accept-Language</span></code> header (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">send_accept_language_header</span></code>):</dt><dd><p>The displayed name in Startpage’s settings page depend on the location of the
IP when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Accept-Language</span></code> HTTP header is unset.</p>
<p>Startpage tries to guess user’s language and territory from the HTTP
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Accept-Language</span></code>. Optional the user can select a search-language (can be
different to the UI language) and a region filter.</p>
<p>In <a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.fetch_traits" title="searx.engines.startpage.fetch_traits"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fetch_traits</span></code></a> we use:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s1">&#39;Accept-Language&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;en-US,en;q=0.5&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="o">..</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>to get uniform names independent from the IP).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="startpage-categories">
<span id="id8"></span><h2>Startpage categories<a class="headerlink" href="#startpage-categories" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Startpage’s category (for Web-search, News, Videos, ..) is set by
<a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.startpage_categ" title="searx.engines.startpage.startpage_categ"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">startpage_categ</span></code></a> in settings.yml:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">startpage</span>
<span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">startpage</span>
<span class="n">startpage_categ</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">web</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition hint">
<p class="admonition-title">Hint</p>
<p>Supported categories are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">web</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">news</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">images</span></code>.</p>
</div>
</section>
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.engines.startpage.startpage_categ">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.engines.startpage.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">startpage_categ</span></span><span class="property"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="pre">'web'</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.engines.startpage.startpage_categ" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Startpage’s category, visit <a class="reference internal" href="#startpage-categories"><span class="std std-ref">Startpage categories</span></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.engines.startpage.max_page">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.engines.startpage.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">max_page</span></span><span class="property"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="pre">18</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.engines.startpage.max_page" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Tested 18 pages maximum (argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">page</span></code>), to be save max is set to 20.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.engines.startpage.search_form_xpath">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.engines.startpage.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">search_form_xpath</span></span><span class="property"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="pre">'//form[&#64;id=&quot;search&quot;]'</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.engines.startpage.search_form_xpath" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>XPath of Startpage’s origin search form</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.engines.startpage.CACHE">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.engines.startpage.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CACHE</span></span><span class="property"><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="../enginelib.html#searx.enginelib.EngineCache" title="searx.enginelib.EngineCache"><span class="pre">EngineCache</span></a></span><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.engines.startpage.CACHE" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Persistent (SQLite) key/value cache that deletes its values after <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expire</span></code>
seconds.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.engines.startpage.sc_code_cache_sec">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.engines.startpage.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">sc_code_cache_sec</span></span><span class="property"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="pre">3600</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.engines.startpage.sc_code_cache_sec" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Time in seconds the sc-code is cached in memory <a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.get_sc_code" title="searx.engines.startpage.get_sc_code"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_sc_code</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.engines.startpage.get_sc_code">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.engines.startpage.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_sc_code</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">params</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../../../_modules/searx/engines/startpage.html#get_sc_code"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.engines.startpage.get_sc_code" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Get an actual <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sc</span></code> argument from Startpage’s search form (HTML page).</p>
<p>Startpage puts a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sc</span></code> argument on every HTML <a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.search_form_xpath" title="searx.engines.startpage.search_form_xpath"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">search</span> <span class="pre">form</span></code></a>. Without this argument Startpage considers the request
is from a bot. We do not know what is encoded in the value of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sc</span></code>
argument, but it seems to be a kind of a <em>timestamp</em>.</p>
<p>Startpage’s search form generates a new sc-code on each request. This
function scrapes a new sc-code from Startpage’s home page every
<a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.sc_code_cache_sec" title="searx.engines.startpage.sc_code_cache_sec"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sc_code_cache_sec</span></code></a> seconds.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.engines.startpage.request">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.engines.startpage.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">request</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">query</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">params</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../../../_modules/searx/engines/startpage.html#request"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.engines.startpage.request" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Assemble a Startpage request.</p>
<p>To avoid CAPTCHAs we need to send a well formed HTTP POST request with a
cookie. We need to form a request that is identical to the request built by
Startpage’s search form:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>in the cookie the <strong>region</strong> is selected</p></li>
<li><p>in the HTTP POST data the <strong>language</strong> is selected</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Additionally the arguments form Startpage’s search form needs to be set in
HTML POST data / compare <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;input&gt;</span></code> elements: <a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.search_form_xpath" title="searx.engines.startpage.search_form_xpath"><code class="xref py py-obj docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">search_form_xpath</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="searx.engines.startpage.fetch_traits">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">searx.engines.startpage.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fetch_traits</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">engine_traits</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="../enginelib.html#searx.enginelib.traits.EngineTraits" title="searx.enginelib.traits.EngineTraits"><span class="pre">EngineTraits</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="../../../_modules/searx/engines/startpage.html#fetch_traits"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#searx.engines.startpage.fetch_traits" title="Link to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Fetch <a class="reference internal" href="#startpage-languages"><span class="std std-ref">languages</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#startpage-regions"><span class="std std-ref">regions</span></a> from Startpage.</p>
</dd></dl>
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<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Startpage Engines</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#startpage-regions">Startpage regions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#startpage-languages">Startpage languages</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#startpage-categories">Startpage categories</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.startpage_categ"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">startpage_categ</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.max_page"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_page</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.search_form_xpath"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">search_form_xpath</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.CACHE"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CACHE</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.sc_code_cache_sec"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sc_code_cache_sec</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.get_sc_code"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_sc_code()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.request"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request()</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#searx.engines.startpage.fetch_traits"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fetch_traits()</span></code></a></li>
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